Neurofeedback

What is neurofeedback?

Neurofeedback, which is also referred to as neurotherapy or EEG biofeedback, is a form of electroencephalogram (EEG) training that uses state-of-the-art computer technology to fine-tune brain wave patterns, yielding improved function and performance. Based on the principals of operant conditioning, neurofeedback is a learning process that teaches the brain to function more appropriately. It should be noted that neurofeedback is NOT an invasive intervention. It does not “zap” you or do anything TO your brain. It simply measures the brain's electrical signal and then gives visual and auditory feedback that let's the brain know when it is performing appropriately and when it isn't. In the same way that behaviour management programs use positive outcomes to reward behavioural improvements, neurofeedback rewards the brain for improving its performance. In essence, then, neurofeedback is behaviour management for the brain, with the rewards being, for example, entertaining videos that play when the brain is performing appropriately and pause when it isn't. Over time the brain adjusts its performance so that the reward of seeing the video can be achieved. Other programs use brain wave-directed video games to achieve the same purpose.



What is it used for?

Neurofeedback is used to help many conditions in which the brain is not working as well as it might. Historically, it has been used as an effective treatment for epilepsy, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, learning disabilities and alcoholism, but recent clinical evidence suggests a much broader application. Mood disorders such as anxiety and depression generally respond well, as do central nervous system regulatory problems such as insomnia and uncontrolled anger. Recent research has also shown exciting improvements for children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Asperger's Syndrome. There is also an entire field within neurofeedback devoted to peak performance training for athletes, musicians, business executives, etc. The Italian soccer team, for example, used neurofeedback as a training strategy prior to winning the World Cup in 2006.

How is neurofeedback done?

Sensors are placed on the scalp for measuring the brain's electrical activity. Specialised computer software provides moment-by-moment visual and auditory feedback that lets the trainee know when they are producing appropriate brain wave patterns and when they are not. As the brain picks up these cues and begins to function more appropriately, improvements are often seen in a number of areas, including sleep, behaviour, attention, communication, academic performance and emotions.



Why does it work?

It appears that if the brain is provided with appropriate information about how to improve its performance, it is able to do so. With neurofeedback we are taking brain wave activity that normally occurs subconsciously, bringing it up into conscious awareness, then providing visual and auditory rewards each time desired changes are achieved. Over time, the brain incorporates these changes permanently.

How long does it take?

Because this is a learning process and not a “quick fix”, a minimum of 20 sessions is usually required, with some conditions requiring 40 or more sessions. However, improvements are generally seen within the first 5 to 10 sessions. Neurofeedback sessions take about 30 minutes and are usually conducted two or three times per week.

What results are expected?

Although specific outcomes can not be predicted, improvements are seen about 80% of the time. Depending on the problem, these changes may include, but are not limited to, normalisation of the sleep/wake cycle, improved attention and concentration, calming down of impulsive or hyperactive behaviour, better regulation of mood and emotions, improved academic performance, and improved verbal and non-verbal communication.